“ | It's an illusion that the Zone is under lock and key, and the army has all the ways in and out sealed and all that bullshit. Think about it, nowadays artifacts and rare specimens from the zone are found all over the world, and your fellow stalkers never had a shortage of canned meat, vodka, ammo or equipment - somebody's gotta be responsible for all that, right? - Docent Suslov | ” |
The Zone of Alienation, or simply 'The Zone,' is the 60 km wide area of exclusion that was set up around the Chernobyl NPP following the 1986 disaster and extended by the second Chernobyl disaster in 2006.
OverviewEdit
The Zone of Alienation stretches between the borders of Ukraine and Belarus, and is kept protected by the Ukrainian authorities. Due to the radical decrease in human presence and activity, wildlife has flourished in the Zone and the area is often described as having been 'reclaimed by nature'. Following the 2006 disaster, animals and plants have been grotesquely mutated and deadly anomalies abound.
Supposedly, the area is kept under lockdown by the military. However, the prospect of lucrative looting and treasure hunting has led a large number of opportunists known as Stalkers to jump fence into The Zone itself. These people are either operating for themselves, or in factions. Among the more notable groups are Duty, Freedom and the Ecologists.
Research is constantly ongoing to find out the nature and origin of The Zone, as well as a means to counter it. There are many different beliefs concerning the truth of, and reasonable response to, The Zone. For example, Duty members are attempting to 'fight the Zone' while Freedom believes that the entire area is a gift to mankind and should be shared equally by all of humanity. During the course of the games, some characters express concern that the Zone might be growing and increasing its influence on the world.
HistoryEdit
Before the 1986 disaster, the remote areas around Chernobyl and Pripyat were used by the Soviet Union for research and development of psychotropic weapons and study of the noosphere.[1] One of the earliest such programs was undertaken at Limansk-13, a secret city where top Soviet scientists experimented with radiowaves, in order to harness them as a tool, to create unflinching loyalty to the Union in all affected people.
However, the research was not safe. A surge in energy consumption during one of the experiments on April 26, 1986 was one of the main reasons Reactor 4 exploded. In response to the incident, the USSR evacuated Pripyat and settlements in the neighboring areas, until the Zone became almost totally deserted, save for a few die hard citizens (including the Forester) and scientific teams working in secret laboratories. For them, the incident came as a blessing, as the now-empty Zone of Alienation proved to be the perfect proving ground and laboratories became twice as active.[1]
The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 did nothing to hinder their work, to the contrary - the weakened government of independent Ukraine proved to be unable to investigate rumors of strange experiments taking place in the Zone and put a stop to them. The scientists continued their research into the noosphere unabated. Soon, breakthroughs took place and they began the search to psychically influence humanity using the noosphere on a global scale. The science team, driven by noble intentions, want to eliminate war, injustice and conflict through their research into changing the human psyche[1]. Any atrocities that occur on the way are a necessary evil[2]. Regardless, the area around Chernobyl was relatively peaceful until sometime around 2001, when a bus full of tourists in the zone disappeared. D&d 5e stat block creator. The incident prompted the government to fully restrict the zone to civilians. In 2011, stalkers reported encountering zombies who spoke garbled English, revealing the fate of the tourists.
The first experiment in affecting human psyche on a massive scale took place on March 4, 2006[3]. It lasted two full hours before it was shut down, likely due to unforeseen developments. A month later, on April 12, the experiment was performed again and this time it continued until its completion[4]. However, it did not have the desired effect - instead, the generators created a rift in the noosphere, allowing it to directly affect the biosphere, creating a large area where physical laws were outright broken and mysterious phenomena not understood by modern science began to manifest.
Despite the catastrophic nature of the incident, the scientists responsible lived. In the aftermath, disputes on how to handle the incident led to half the scientists leaving to form Clear Sky, in order to research the Zone and find a way to remove the rift. The remaining half remained in the laboratories and, using available technology, merged into the Common Consciousness. They believed that the problem could be solved by studying the noosphere further and learning how to suppress it. Indeed, they soon learned how to control it, but with control came a price - the energy was so immense that they had to periodically release the excess, lest they be overwhelmed by it. Such a release became known to the inhabitants of the Zone as a blowout or emission. On June 10, 2006 the very first emission occurred. Unprepared military and scientific personnel were instantly obliterated while the zone expanded a further 5 kilometers.
Realizing that they need more time to find a solution, the scientists created a defense perimeter to protect them against intruders. The primary element of this psychic defense network was the Brain Scorcher, an experimental psi-antennae outside Pripyat. When activated, any human that came into its range was mind controlled by the C-Consciousness and joined the ranks of their agents. Secondary elements were the Monolith and its protectors - one lured stalkers into the center of the Zone with promises of wealth and wishes coming true, the second actively raided stalkers and defended research facilities, lest unauthorized people learned the secrets of the C-Consciousness.[1]
In 2007, the Ukrainian government sent out expeditions into the zone, most of them ending in failure after the explorers were killed by mutants.
In 2010, the 'stalker phenomenon' was becoming more evident. It was theorized that the zone was home to around 300 individuals who called themselves 'stalkers' who made money by selling artifacts.
In 2011, the stalker population began to grow despite the military's efforts to cordon the zone. On October 25, 2011 the very first skirmish between stalkers and the military occurred, which prompted the military to shoot stalkers on sight. Strelok's Group managed to penetrate the center of the zone and survive, triggering the second largest emission to happen in the zone's history, with a mercenary named 'Scar' managing to survive it without cover. During this time the Clear Sky faction was also destroyed in a massive blowout at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, when they attempted to stop Strelok's third incursion into the Zone.
In 2012, Strelok managed to deactivate the infamous Brain Scorcher and destroy the C-Consciousness. Despite this the zone did not disappear, meaning that the damage done by C-Consciousness may be permanent. In the wake of this opportunity, the military launched: Operation Fairway, under the command of Colonel Kovalsky whose task was to secure the Chernobyl NPP with a battalion of Spetsnaz operators, transported in 5 gunships called Stingrays. Despite all the plannings and precautions made, the operation ultimately fails after all the gunships were either downed by airborne anomalies or shot down by Monolith troops. Major Degtyarev was then sent to investigate the operation's failure, where he arrived at Zaton on August 1, 2012 which is the actual start of his investigation.
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ 1.01.11.21.3S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky, Anarchy Cell design document. This directly contradicts the claims made by the C-Consciousness representative in Shadow of Chernobyl, however. It is possible that he simply did not remember or did not know the full extent of the Soviet research.
- ↑S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl: The research in X-18 obviously contradicts the above statement.
- ↑THQ's Official STALKER Shadow of Chernobyl website, THQ, retrieved on 18/07/2010
- ↑Clear Sky website, Zone World section, GSC Gameworld, retrieved on 18/07/2010
See also Edit
- Within The Zone: Locations, Characters, Mutants, Anomalies, Items
- Wikipedia on the real life Zone of Alienation: [1]
Noise
Working in a noisy job when you’re pregnant can affect your hearing and increase your stress levels. When the noise level is very high, like a jackhammer or at a rock concert, it may increase your chances of having a baby with hearing problems. Here, you can learn more about noise at work and what you can do to reduce your exposure for a healthier pregnancy.
Why should I be concerned about noise?
- Increased noise levels can cause stress. This can cause changes in a pregnant woman’s body that can affect her developing baby.
- Sound can travel through your body and reach your baby. Although this sound will be muffled in the womb, very loud noises may still be able to damage your baby’s hearing.
- Hearing protectors (ear plugs or earmuffs) can protect your hearing, but if you’re pregnant the only way to protect your baby’s hearing is to stay away from the loud noise as much as possible.
Who works in noisy jobs?
Many women work in noisy jobs, especially women who work with machines, guns, loud music, crowds of people, sirens, trucks, or airplanes.
What is not known?
- We don’t always know what causes hearing problems in babies. If you work in a noisy job and have a baby with hearing problems, we may not be able to tell if the hearing problems were caused by your job or by something else.
- We don’t know for sure what levels of noise are safe for a pregnant woman and her baby, although experts have suggested guidelines based on what we know about how sounds travel through the body.
What can I do to reduce my hazardous noise exposure?
- Protect yourself from loud noise:
- You should use hearing protection to protect your own hearing by wearing hearing protection (like ear plugs) if you are exposed to loud noise.
- For adults, noise that is 85 decibels (dBA) or more can be hazardous to your hearing. At this noise level, you would have to raise your voice to be heard by someone next to you. Most workplace noise levels are less than 95 dBA.
- While your hearing protection won’t protect your developing baby from loud noise, too much noise can cause you stress. Your stress can cause changes in your body that can affect your developing baby.
- Ask your supervisor what the noise level is where you work.
- Protect your developing baby from very loud noise:
- Your hearing protection will not fully protect your developing baby’s ears from noise. Noise travels through the body to the womb. A baby’s ears are mostly developed by about the 20th week of pregnancy, and babies start responding to sounds around the 24th week.
- Sounds from outside the mother’s body are quieter inside the womb. Based on this, some experts think that pregnant women should not be routinely exposed to noise louder than 115 dBA. This is roughly as loud as operating a chainsaw. Areas that are very loud (more than 115 dBA) should be avoided during pregnancy as much as possible, even if you are wearing hearing protection.
- Noises that you can feel as a rumble or vibration are very low frequency sounds. We do not know for sure if developing babies are affected by this noise, but these sounds travel through your body easily and can cause changes in your body that could affect your developing baby. Avoid this kind of noise if possible.
- Sudden loud noises (impact or impulse noise) that are loud enough for you to need hearing protection or that startle you should be avoided during pregnancy.
- Sounds are stronger to your developing baby when your belly is closer to the source of the noise. Do not lean up against or put your body in contact with a source of noise. You should also avoid leaning against a source of vibration.
- It can be hard to avoid noise at work. Move as far away from the noise as possible or ask your employer if you can work in a quieter job during pregnancy.
- Talk to your doctor about all the potential hazards you have identified at work. Make sure to mention that you are exposed to loud noise.
Where can I get more information?
- Learn more about how noise can affect an unborn babyCdc-pdfExternal.
- Learn about sounds levels with the NIOSH Noise Meter.
'Sounds and Silences' | |||
---|---|---|---|
The Twilight Zone episode | |||
Episode no. | Season 5 Episode 27 | ||
Directed by | Richard Donner | ||
Written by | Rod Serling | ||
Production code | 2631 | ||
Original air date | April 3, 1964 | ||
Guest appearance(s) | |||
John McGiver - Roswell G. Flemington Penny Singleton - Mrs. Lydia Flemington Billy Benedict - Conklin Francis De Sales - Doctor Michael Fox - Psychiatrist Renee Aubry - Ms. Abernathy (Secretary) Lurene Tuttle - Secretary | |||
Episode chronology | |||
| |||
The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) (season 5) | |||
List of The Twilight Zone episodes |
'Sounds and Silences' is episode 147 of the American television anthology seriesThe Twilight Zone. It originally aired on April 3, 1964 on CBS.
Opening narration[edit]
“ | This is Roswell G. Flemington, two hundred and twenty pounds of gristle, lung tissue and sound decibels. He is, as you have perceived, a noisy man, one of a breed who substitutes volume for substance, sound for significance, and shouting to cover up the readily apparent phenomenon that he is nothing more than an overweight and aging perennial Sea Scout whose noise-making is in inverse ratio to his competence and to his character. But soon our would-be admiral of the fleet will embark on another voyage. This one is an unchartered and twisting stream that heads for a distant port called the Twilight Zone. | ” |
Plot[edit]
Roswell G. Flemington, owner of a model ship company and formerly of the United States Navy, grew up in a home where his mother required silence. Thus, as an adult, he makes as much noise as he possibly can, is obsessed with the Navy, and behaves thunderously in response to any slight.
One day, after twenty years his wife has had enough of his obsession with noise and finally walks out on him. Now alone, he begins to hear every little noise – a drip of water, the margin bell on a typewriter – like an explosion or gunshot. He sees a psychiatrist who helps him understand that conflict with his wife has caused him to relive his resentment against his mother to the point that he internalizes his mother's affliction. He now realizes it is all in his head, all he needs to do is overcome the mental block with 'mind over matter', and he does. The only problem is that when his wife returns to pick up her jewelry, he tells her about it and proceeds to 'shut her out'. Unfortunately, his solution proves too effective, and Flemington finds that he can hear nothing. Now desperate to hear anything, Flemington puts a record on, setting the volume at its highest setting. Although the scene is silent, the insides of his apartment vibrate from the sound of his stereo. As the episode ends, Flemington opens up the windows to the street below, and begs for noise.
Closing narration[edit]
“ | When last heard from, Mr. Roswell G. Flemington was in a sanitarium pleading with the medical staff to make some noise. They, of course, believe the case to be a rather tragic aberration - a man's mind becoming unhinged. And for this they'll give him pills, therapy, and rest. Little do they realize that all Mr. Flemington is suffering from is a case of poetic justice. Tonight's tale of sounds and silences from the Twilight Zone. | ” |
Cast[edit]
- John McGiver as Roswell G. Flemington
- Penny Singleton as Mrs. Lydia Flemington
- Billy Benedict as Conklin
- Francis De Sales as Doctor
- Michael Fox as Psychiatrist
- Renee Aubry as Ms. Abernathy (Secretary)
- Lurene Tuttle as Secretary
Litigation[edit]
In 1961, a script titled 'The Sound of Silence' was submitted to the producers and rejected. Following the first screening of 'Sounds and Silences', the original author successfully sued Rod Serling for plagiarism because of similarities in the plot, and was awarded $3,500 in damages.[1] Because of this, the episode was not included in syndicated repeats.[dubious]
References[edit]
- ^Presnell, Don; McGee, Marty (2008). A Critical History of Television’s The Twilight Zone, 1959–1964. Jefferson NC: McFarland & Co. p. 185. ISBN978-0786438860.
- DeVoe, Bill. (2008). Trivia from The Twilight Zone. Albany, GA: Bear Manor Media. ISBN978-1-59393-136-0
- Grams, Martin. (2008). The Twilight Zone: Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic. Churchville, MD: OTR Publishing. ISBN978-0-9703310-9-0
External links[edit]
- 'Sounds and Silences' on IMDb
- 'Sounds and Silences' at TV.com
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sounds_and_Silences&oldid=894727156'
NASA researchers at Glenn Research Center conducting tests on aircraft engine noise in 1967
Noises Of The Zone
Noise is unwanted sound judged to be unpleasant, loud or disruptive to hearing. From a physics standpoint, noise is indistinguishable from sound, as both are vibrations through a medium, such as air or water. The difference arises when the brain receives and perceives a sound.[1][2]
Acoustic noise is any sound in the acoustic domain, either deliberate (e.g., music or speech) or unintended. In contrast, noise in electronics may not be audible to the human ear and may require instruments for detection.[3]
Stalker Noises Of The Zone Descargar
In audio engineering, noise can refer to the unwanted residual electronic noise signal that gives rise to acoustic noise heard as a hiss. This signal noise is commonly measured using A-weighting[4] or ITU-R 468 weighting.[5]
In experimental sciences, noise can refer to any random fluctuations of data that hinders perception of a signal.[6][7]
- 5Regulation
- 6Health effects
Measurement[edit]
Sound is measured[8] based on the amplitude and frequency of a sound wave. Amplitude measures how forceful the wave is. The energy in a sound wave is measured in decibels (dB), the measure of loudness, or intensity of a sound; this measurement describes the amplitude of a sound wave. Decibels (dB) are expressed in a logarithmic scale. On the other hand, pitch describes the frequency of a sound and is measured in hertz (Hz).[9]
The main instrument to measure sounds in the air is the Sound Level Meter. There are many different varieties of instruments that are used to measure noise - Noise Dosimeters are often used in occupational environments, noise monitors are used to measure environmental noise and noise pollution, and recently smartphone-based sound level meter applications (apps)[10] are being used to crowdsource and map recreational and community noise.[11][12][13]
A-weighting is applied to a sound spectrum to represent the sound that humans are capable of hearing at each frequency. Sound pressure is thus expressed in terms of dBA. 0 dBA is the softest level that a person can hear. Normal speaking voices are around 65 dBA. A rock concert can be about 120 dBA.
Recording and reproduction[edit]
In audio, recording, and broadcast systems, audio noise refers to the residual low-level sound (four major types: hiss, rumble, crackle, and hum) that is heard in quiet periods of program. This variation from the expected pure sound or silence can be caused by the audio recording equipment, the instrument, or ambient noise in the recording room.[14]
In audio engineering it can refer either to the acoustic noise from loudspeakers or to the unwanted residual electronic noise signal that gives rise to acoustic noise heard as 'hiss'. This signal noise is commonly measured using A-weighting or ITU-R 468 weighting
Noise is often generated deliberately and used as a test signal for audio recording and reproduction equipment.
White noise[edit]
Problems playing this file? See media help. |
Qayamat ki raat 30th december 2018 star plus. White noise is energy randomly spread across a wide frequency band containing all notes from high to low. It is called 'white' noise as it is analogous to 'white' light which contains all the colors of the visible spectrum.[15]
Environmental noise[edit]
Environmental noise is the accumulation of all noise present in a specified environment. The principal sources of environmental noise are surface motor vehicles, aircraft, trains and industrial sources.[16] These noise sources expose millions of people to noise pollution that creates not only annoyance, but also significant health consequences such as elevated incidence of hearing loss and cardiovascular disease.[17] There are a variety of mitigation strategies and controls available to reduce sound levels including source intensity reduction, land-use planning strategies, noise barriers and sound baffles, time of day use regimens, vehicle operational controls and architectural acoustics design measures.
Regulation[edit]
Certain geographic areas or specific occupations may be at a higher risk of being exposed to constantly high levels of noise; in order to prevent negative health outcomes, regulations may be set. Noise regulation includes statutes or guidelines relating to sound transmission established by national, state or provincial and municipal levels of government. Environmental noise is governed by laws and standards which set maximum recommended levels of noise for specific land uses, such as residential areas, areas of outstanding natural beauty, or schools. These standards usually specify measurement using a weighting filter, most often A-weighting.[18][19]
United States[edit]
In 1972, the Noise Control Act was passed to promote a healthy living environment for all Americans, where noise does not pose a threat to human health. This policy's main objectives were: (1) establish coordination of research in the area of noise control, (2) establish federal standards on noise emission for commercial products, and (3) promote public awareness about noise emission and reduction.[20][21]
The Quiet Communities Act of 1978 promotes noise control programs at the state and local level and developed a research program on noise control.[22] Both laws authorized the Environmental Protection Agency to study the effects of noise and evaluate regulations regarding noise control.[23]
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) provides recommendation on noise exposure in the workplace.[24][25] In 1972 (revised in 1998), NIOSH published a document outlining recommended standards relating to the occupational exposure to noise, with the purpose of reducing the risk of developing permanent hearing loss related to exposure at work.[26] This publication set the recommended exposure limit (REL) of noise in an occupation setting to 85 dBA for 8 hours using a 3-dB exchange rate (every 3-dB increase in level, duration of exposure should be cut in half, i.e. 88 dBA for 4 hours, 91 dBA for 2 hours, 94 dBA for 1 hour, etc.). However, in 1973 the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) maintained the requirement of an 8-hour average of 90 dBA. The following year, OSHA required employers to provide a hearing conservation program to workers exposed to 85 dBA average 8-hour workdays.[27]
Europe[edit]
The European Environment Agency regulates noise control and surveillance within the European Union.[28] The Environmental Noise Directive was set to determine levels of noise exposure, increase public access to information regarding environmental noise, and reduce environmental noise.[29][30] Additionally, in the European Union, underwater noise is a pollutant according to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).[31] The MSFD requires EU Member States to achieve or maintain Good Environmental Status, meaning that the 'introduction of energy, including underwater noise, is at levels that do not adversely affect the marine environment'.[31]
Health effects[edit]
Earplugs can be used to protect the user's ears from loud noises.
Exposure to noise is associated with several negative health outcomes. Depending on duration and level of exposure, noise may cause or increase the likelihood of hearing loss, high blood pressure, ischemic heart disease, sleep disturbances, injuries, and even decreased school performance.[32] There are also causal relationships between noise and psychological effects such as annoyance, psychiatric disorders, and effects on psychosocial well-being.[32]
Noise exposure has increasingly been identified as a public health issue, especially in an occupational setting, as demonstrated with the creation of NIOSH's Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention program.[33] Noise has also proven to be an occupational hazard, as it is the most common work-related pollutant.[34] Noise-induced hearing loss, when associated with noise exposure at the workplace is also called occupational hearing loss.
Hearing loss prevention[edit]
While noise-induced hearing loss is permanent, it is also preventable.[35] Particularly in the workplace, regulations may exist limiting permissible exposure limit to noise. This can be especially important for professionals working in settings with consistent exposure to loud sounds, such as musicians, music teachers and audio engineers.[36] Examples of measures taken to prevent noise-induced hearing loss in the workplace include engineering noise control, the Buy-Quiet initiative,[37][38] creation of the Safe-In-Sound award, and noise surveillance.[39]
Literary views[edit]
Roland Barthes distinguishes between physiological noise, which is merely heard, and psychological noise, which is actively listened to. Physiological noise is felt subconsciously as the vibrations of the noise (sound) waves physically interact with the body while psychological noise is perceived as our conscious awareness shifts its attention to that noise.[40]
Luigi Russolo, one of the first composers of noise music,[41] wrote the essay The Art of Noises. He argues that any kind of noise could be used as music, as audiences become more familiar with noises caused by technological advancements; noise has become so prominent that pure sound no longer exists.[42]
Henry Cowell claims that technological advancements have reduced unwanted noises from machines, but have not managed so far to completely eliminate them.[43]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Elert, Glenn. 'The Nature of Sound – The Physics Hypertextbook'. physics.info. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
- ^'The Propagation of sound'. pages.jh.edu. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
- ^'What's The Difference Between Acoustical And Electrical Noise In Components?'. electronicdesign.com. 2012-10-03. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
- ^Richard L. St. Pierre, Jr.; Daniel J. Maguire (July 2004), The Impact of A-weighting Sound Pressure Level Measurements during the Evaluation of Noise Exposure(PDF), retrieved 2011-09-13
- ^'RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BS.468-4 – Measurement of audio-frequency noise voltage'(PDF). www.itu.int. International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
- ^'Definition of NOISE'. www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
- ^'noise: definition of noise in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)'. www.oxforddictionaries.com. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
- ^Audio, NTi. 'How to measure noise'. nti-audio.com. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
- ^'Measuring sound'. Sciencelearn Hub. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
- ^'So How Accurate Are These Smartphone Sound Measurement Apps? | | Blogs | CDC'. blogs.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
- ^'NoiseScore: A Free Smartphone App for Community Noise Issues With Live Map'. Noiseandthecity.org. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
- ^'soundprint – Find Your Quiet Place'. www.soundprint.co. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
- ^'iHEARu'. www.ihearu.co. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
- ^'Audio Noise-Hiss, Hum, Rumble & Crackle'. AudioShapers. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
- ^Elliot, Barry J. (2002). Designing a Structured Cabling System to ISO 11801 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. p. 80. ISBN978-0-8247-4130-3.
- ^Stansfeld, Stephen A.; Matheson, Mark P. (2003-12-01). 'Noise pollution: non-auditory effects on health'. British Medical Bulletin. 68 (1): 243–257. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldg033. ISSN0007-1420. PMID14757721.
- ^Hammer, Monica S.; Swinburn, Tracy K.; Neitzel, Richard L. (2014). 'EHP – Environmental Noise Pollution in the United States: Developing an Effective Public Health Response'. Environmental Health Perspectives. 122 (2): 115–119. doi:10.1289/ehp.1307272. PMC3915267. PMID24311120.
- ^Bhatia, Rajiv (May 20, 2014). 'Noise Pollution: Managing the Challenge of Urban Sounds'. Earth Journalism Network. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
- ^'Noise Ordinance: Noise Regulations from U.S. Cities'. www.kineticsnoise.com. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
- ^'Summary of the Noise Control Act'. Environmental Protection Agency. 2013-02-22. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
- ^Noise Control Act of 1972, P.L. 92-574, 86 Stat. 1234, 42 U.S.C.§ 4901 – 42 U.S.C.§ 4918.
- ^'Text of S. 3083 (95th): Quiet Communities Act (Passed Congress/Enrolled Bill version) – GovTrack.us'. GovTrack.us. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
- ^'Title IV – Noise Pollution'. Environmental Protection Agency. 2015-06-03. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
- ^'CDC – Facts and Statistics: Noise – NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health'. www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
- ^'CDC – NIOSH Science Blog – Understanding Noise Exposure Limits: Occupational vs. General Environmental Noise'. blogs.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
- ^'CDC – NIOSH Publications and Products – Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Noise (73-11001)'. www.cdc.gov. 1975. doi:10.26616/NIOSHPUB76128. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
- ^'OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) | Section III: Chapter 5 – Noise'. www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
- ^'Noise: Policy Context'. European Environmental Agency. June 3, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
- ^'Directive – Noise – Environment – European Commission'. ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
- ^'Standard Summary Project Fiche: Implementation Capacity for Environmental Noise Directive'(PDF). European Commission. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
- ^ ab'Our Oceans, Seas and Coasts'. europa.eu.
- ^ abPasschier-Vermeer, W; Passchier, W F (2000-03-01). 'Noise exposure and public health'. Environmental Health Perspectives. 108 (Suppl 1): 123–131. doi:10.1289/ehp.00108s1123. ISSN0091-6765. JSTOR3454637. PMC1637786. PMID10698728.
- ^'CDC – Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topi'. www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
- ^Masterson, Elizabeth (2016-04-27). 'Measuring the Impact of Hearing Loss on Quality of Life'. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
- ^'Noise-induced Hearing Loss'. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). National Institute of Health. March 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
- ^Kardous, Chuck; Morata, Thais; Themann, Christa; Spears, Patricia; Afanuh, Sue (2015-07-07). 'Turn it Down: Reducing the Risk of Hearing Disorders Among Musicians'. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
- ^'Buy Quiet'. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
- ^Hudson, Heidi; Hayden, Chuck (2011-11-04). 'Buy Quiet'. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
- ^Murphy, William; Tak, SangWoo (2009-11-24). 'Workplace Hearing Loss'. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
- ^Barthes, Roland (1985). The Responsibility of Forms: Critical Essays on Music, Art and Representation. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN9780809080755.
- ^Chilvers, Ian; Glaves-Smith, John, eds. (2009). A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 619–620. ISBN978-0-19-923965-8.
- ^Russolo, Luigi (2004). 'The art of noises: futurist manifesto'. In Cox, Christoph; Warner, Daniel (eds.). Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music. New York: Continuum. pp. 10ff. ISBN978-0-8264-1615-5.
- ^Cowell, Henry (2004). 'The joys of noise'. In Cox, Christoph; Warner, Daniel (eds.). Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music. New York: Continuum. p. 22. ISBN978-0-8264-1615-5.
Further reading[edit]
- Kosko, Bart (2006). Noise. Viking Press. ISBN978-0-670-03495-6.
- Schwartz, Hillel (2011). Making Noise: From Babel to the Big Bang & Beyond. New York: Zone Books. ISBN978-1-935408-12-3.
External links[edit]
Look up noise in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Sound |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Noise. |
- Noise at work European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA)
- US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, – Noise
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noise&oldid=902084496'